Almost unnoticed in the rest of the economy, an anxious question is increasingly being asked in the US\u2019s entrepreneurially intense technology communities: could we be seeing the death \u2013 or at least the decline \u2013 of exit strategies?<\/p>\n
Exit strategies are critical to entrepreneurial finance. When backers of high-risk ventures know that, should the ventures prosper, they have ready routes to realise returns, they invest more. The US has long enjoyed multiple and largely uncongested exit avenues, a big factor in its entrepreneurial vibrancy. Now some in its technology communities fear those avenues are narrowing, perhaps closing.<\/p>\n
There have traditionally been three routes to take venture money from a successful enterprise: initial public offerings, corporate mergers or acquisitions and private equity buy-outs. In Silicon Valley, concern is growing that all these routes to entrepreneurial riches are under regulatory attack.<\/p>\n
The decline of IPOs has received the most ink. Thanks to the so-called Paulson report (after Hank Paulson, the Treasury secretary, who embraced it), the rise of US-backed IPOs overseas is well documented. But equally import\u00adant has been the drop in domestic deals and dollars raised. Between 1990 and 1995 \u2013 that is, before the technology bubble and its bursting \u2013 US markets produced an annual average of 170 \u00adventure-backed IPOs, raising $5.56bn. In 2006, 56 venture-backed IPOs raised $3.72bn. Today, according to Institutional Investor magazine, the market\u2019s appetite for venture-backed enterprises is so weak that at least one Silicon Valley venture capital firm has cancelled plans for new funds.<\/p>\n
Attention has focused on audit costs imposed on public companies under Sarbanes-Oxley, the corporate governance legislation passed after the Enron scandal. According to a CRA Inter\u00adnational study recently cited by TheStreet.com, for a lower-end start-up about to go public, these additional audit costs average $1.5m in the first year and another $900,000 in the second.<\/p>\n
But Sox is damping IPO fires in other ways. In January the legendary Silicon Valley venture capitalist and entrepreneur Jim Clark resigned as chairman of Shutterfly, the photo-printing web service. As he explained in a resignation letter quoted by CNET News Service, Sarbanes-Oxley \u201cdictates that I not chair any committee due to the size of my holding, not be on the compensation committee because of the loan I once made the company [and] not be on the governance committee\u201d.<\/p>\n
Anyone familiar with high-technology start-ups knows the key to success is having access not just to capital but to \u201csmart\u201d capital \u2013 that is, to the participation of experienced hands who bring both brains and funding to the game. Sarbanes-Oxley has in crucial ways put limits on the brains public companies may enlist if those brains come with too many dollars. Diminishing access to talent may pose a bigger cost to going public than oversized, largely wasted audit costs.<\/p>\n
But going public \u2013 or even issuing stock options in privately held corporations \u2013 is becoming increasingly tricky. One reason is the new section 409A of the tax code. Enacted with the 2004 tax act, it deals with the valuation of stock options. Options have long been a sensitive issue in the tech community. Cash-poor but opportunity-rich ventures depend on them to reward workers to whom they cannot pay competitive salaries. While regulations implementing 409A remain in flux, the section is sending a chill through the tech and venture capital com\u00admunities.<\/p>\n
The legislation attached for the first time severe financial penalties to mis-valuations. The confounding question is: what is the correct way to value options in a company that is not publicly traded?<\/p>\n
At one time the government deferred to corporate boards. In recent years, however, the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission has become increasingly aggressive in challenging valuations during the registration period preceding an IPO. Over the years, the result has been expensive re-evaluations, reduced reported earnings and \u201csand in the gears\u201d of transactions. Once 409A is fully implemented, there will be the risk of IPOs triggering tax penalties and interest and lawsuits from employees with devalued compensation packages.<\/p>\n
If Sarbanes-Oxley and 409A have made IPO exits harder, lawsuits and the Arthur Andersen prosecution following the Enron scandal have complicated all exits. Wall Street analysts see more risk and less pay-off in studying small companies. With less information available, the market for low-capitalisation stocks becomes thinner. As taking such companies public at a good price later on becomes harder, corporations and private equity funds think twice about acquiring them.<\/p>\n
High-impact entrepreneurship \u2013 the kind that has driven the growth of technology industries and created virtually all job growth in the US for more than three decades \u2013 is a cycle. The capital that venture capital firms and entrepreneurs can justify investing in a scheme rises and falls with the ease of getting their dollars out if all goes well. Inadvertently Congress, regulators and prosecutors have made passing through the exit door harder. If not reversed, the result will be fewer rapidly expanding companies and new jobs. That would be an exit strategy for the US\u2019s economic growth.<\/p>\n